Single crystal/polycrystalline silicon and thin film
solar cells. At the State Council executive meeting on August 26, 2009, polysilicon was “named†due to overcapacity and redundant construction. The industry's expectations for thin film replacement of polysilicon are increasing. The newspaper interviewed Jurgen Hans, CEO of Oerlikon Solar, Switzerland.
As the world's leading supplier of thin-film silicon photovoltaic production equipment, can you tell us about the share of thin-film silicon solar panels in the global PV market?
Oerlikon Solar's global installed capacity exceeds 450 MW, and Oerlikon's customers have produced more than 1 million solar panels to date. Oerlikon's amorphous silicon and micromorph thin-film silicon solar photovoltaic technology customers in Germany launched the world's first Micromorph production line in early 2008. Therefore, the application of this technology is in the early stage of market development. Thin-film silicon solar cells now account for 5%-8% of the global PV market. In fact, I am more concerned about how to quickly increase this number in the short term.
What are the advantages of non-microcrystalline silicon thin film solar cells compared to crystalline silicon solar cells? The low conversion rate is a major drawback of thin film solar cells. How does Oerlikon make up for this shortcoming?
First, non-microcrystalline silicon thin film solar cells have a higher absorption capacity for visible light than crystalline silicon. Compared to crystalline silicon solar cells, thin-film solar cells of the same power emit more electricity in years. Second, the production of non-microcrystalline silicon thin film solar cells is little or even limited by the price of silicon materials. Because of its cheaper materials and large cost reduction, it can be mass produced and promoted. Once again, polysilicon needs to be used at a temperature of 1100 degrees in the refining process, and consumes a lot of energy during the production process. The production of amorphous silicon cells is only about 200 degrees, which is a low-energy solar technology. The energy recovery cycle is short, and the energy consumption per watt in the production process is small, and it can be returned in one and a half to two years.
The photoelectric conversion efficiency of thin-film batteries has room for improvement. Oerlikon's laminated-connected Micromorph process increases solar cell efficiency by 50% and increases the power of the entire module, providing a key competitive advantage for solar PV manufacturers.
So based on the many advantages of thin-film solar cells and Oerlikon's efforts in thin-film technology, can we judge that thin film technology is the future trend of solar industry development?
Crystalline silicon solar cells still occupy a major share in the solar market. However, due to the advantages of thin-film solar cells and the gradual increase of their photothermal conversion rate, it is inevitable that it will become the dominant market. It is only a matter of time.
Currently, China is the world's largest solar cell manufacturing base. But China's solar cells rely heavily on exports. Now China's solar panels are still being sold to distant markets such as Germany and the United States. The large amount of batteries manufactured in China has also caused some countries to resist. China has a huge potential solar cell consumer market, with abundant sunshine, low labor resource prices, fast GDP growth, and a suitable national system to promote the development of the solar industry. These are all advantages of China's development of the solar market. However, the initial development of the solar market is heavily influenced by government policies. The development of China's economy can give birth to the development of China's solar energy market. However, the government should also set up solar power station construction and grid access standards as early as possible. At the same time, it should also introduce photovoltaic power generation prices and fiscal and taxation support policies. This will foster the domestic solar market.
With the development of the solar market, China's independent innovation capability in the field of solar energy will also increase. Once solar photovoltaics are so strong that they cannot be ignored, the policy guidance, talent cultivation, and technological innovation of the solar market will be solved. Of course, the development of smart grids, the integration of solar power generation and rooftop
solar power into the grid is also a key link in the development of the solar market. China's demand for electricity is growing rapidly, and whether the solar power sales channel is smooth will affect the enthusiasm of many parties.
Pyrimidine series intermediates
Pyrimidine, also known as 1,3-diazepine, is a heterocyclic compound with the chemical formula C4H4N2. Pyrimidine is formed by replacing 2 carbons in the meta-position of benzene with 2 nitrogen atoms, and is a diazine. Like pyridine, pyrimidine retains its aromaticity.
Introduction
Name: Pyrimidine
Molecular formula: C4H4N2
Molar mass: 80.09 g/mol
Density: 1.016 g/ml
Melting point: 20 - 22 °C
Boiling point: 123 - 124 °C
CAS Number: 289-95-2
EINECS Number: 206-026-0
SMILES: C1=NC=NC=C1
Application
(1) Anticancer drugs. In the selection of anticancer substances, it is crucial that there are significant differences between tumor tissues and normal tissues, that is, they have a certain ability to recognize target cells. Porphyrin compounds have special affinity for cancer cells due to their unique structures, and they can selectively stay in cancer tissues. The research of it as a localizing agent and a drug for diagnosis and treatment of cancer has already aroused great interest of chemists, medical scientists and biologists. 5-Fluorouracil is a widely used anti-metabolite and anti-tumor drug in clinic. It has inhibitory effect on various tumors. It has good clinical effect in the treatment of colorectal cancer, gastric cancer, breast cancer and other cancers. Polyesters, polyester hydrocarbons, polyester amides, deoxyribonucleic acid, furans, 5-fluorouracil derivatives linked to nitroxide radicals all have antitumor effects.
(2) Anti-AIDS drugs. Viral diseases have become one of the most harmful diseases to human beings, especially the spread of AIDS, which has aroused widespread concern. There are many kinds of anti-AIDS drugs that have been approved by the US Food Administration (FDA), many of which are nucleoside compounds. In order to reduce the toxicity of drugs and improve their efficacy, scientists have begun to turn their attention to the study of non-nucleoside compounds, and such compounds have become the focus of antiviral drug research.
Synthetic method
Pyrimidines and various substituted pyrimidines are synthesized in a variety of ways. For example, barbituric acid (2,4,6-trihydroxypyrimidine) can be obtained by the condensation of urea and diethyl malonate under the action of sodium alkoxide. Barbituric acid and phosphorus oxychloride are heated together to obtain 2,4,6-trichloropyrimidine, which reacts with sodium methoxide to obtain trimethoxypyrimidine. Chloropyrimidines react with ammonia or primary and secondary amines to generate the corresponding aminopyrimidines. The derivatives of pyrimidine, cytosine, uracil and thymine, are the constituent parts of nucleic acid and deoxynucleic acid, and the pyrimidine part in the vitamin B1 molecule is a 4-amino-2-methyl-5-pyrimidine methyl group. Many oral long-acting sulfa drugs are derivatives of pyrimidine and its isomers.
The 2,4-dichloropyrimidine is prepared by reduction reaction in the presence of palladium, magnesium oxide and activated carbon.
Pyrimidine Series Intermediates,2-Chloro-5-Methylpyrimidine,5-Bromo-2-chloropyrimidine,2 4-Dichloro-5-Methylpyrimidine
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